Harmful gut-derived metabolites, such as trimethylamine N-oxide and several uremic toxins, exert proatherosclerotic, prothrombotic, and proinflammatory effects. Metabolites produced by the gut microbiota, especially short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), modulate BP and vascular responses. In this review, we provide insights into host–microbiota interactions and summarize the evidence supporting the importance of the microbiota in blood pressure (BP) regulation. Dysbiosis, an imbalance in the composition and function of the gut microbiota, was shown to be associated with hypertension in both animal models and humans. Recent evidence suggests that the gut microbiota plays an important role in the development and pathogenesis of hypertension.
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